Safety and socio‐economic issues raised by modern biotechnology

Statistical issues raised by the

Biosafety Issues in Biotechnology and Engineering of Microorganisms

Currently much debate, attention and concern surrounds the use of genetically modified plants or animals. But there has not been much concern about microorganisms, although we all are aware of the place of microorganisms in the circle of life, their abundance and diversity. There are many examples regarding the application of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs), however, like other hig...

New security issues raised by open cards

The methods, languages and tools for developing a smart card system share some characteristics with those of the embedded domain. Until recently, smart card programs were written in hand coded native assembly language. All programs (drivers, operating system, libraries, applications) were developed as a monolithic piece of code burned in the smart card ROM. Therefore, not only are traditional c...

Economic Issues Raised by Treatment of Takings

Ethical issues raised by genetically modified microorganisms

Unlike experiments carried out on humans and animals, applications involving microorganisms and their genetic modification do not cause pain and suffering as generally understood. The ethical problems raised by genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) therefore mainly related to the impact they have on the Earth's biosphere. As microorganisms can be found everywhere, including in the ecologic...